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Roman Numerals Cheatsheet

A quick reference for Roman numeral symbols, values, subtractive notation rules, and conversion examples for numbers 1–3999.

Updated Apr 11, 2026
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Sections

  1. Symbol Values
  2. Subtractive Notation Rules
  3. Additive Rules
  4. Numbers 1–20
  5. Tens & Hundreds
  6. Thousands
  7. Common Years
  8. Conversion Method

Symbol Values

SymbolValue
I1
V5
X10
L50
C100
D500
M1,000

Subtractive Notation Rules

When a smaller symbol appears before a larger one, it is subtracted. Only six subtractive combinations are valid.

CombinationValueNotes
IV4I before V — subtracts 1 from 5
IX9I before X — subtracts 1 from 10
XL40X before L — subtracts 10 from 50
XC90X before C — subtracts 10 from 100
CD400C before D — subtracts 100 from 500
CM900C before M — subtracts 100 from 1000

Additive Rules

Symbols are generally written largest to smallest, left to right, and added together.

RuleExample
Repeat a symbol up to 3 timesIII = 3, XXX = 30, CCC = 300, MMM = 3000
V, L, D are never repeatedVV is invalid — use X instead
Write largest values firstXVII = 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 17
Max value without a vinculum3,999 (MMMCMXCIX)

Numbers 1–20

ArabicRoman
1I
2II
3III
4IV
5V
6VI
7VII
8VIII
9IX
10X
11XI
12XII
13XIII
14XIV
15XV
16XVI
17XVII
18XVIII
19XIX
20XX

Tens & Hundreds

ArabicRoman
10X
20XX
30XXX
40XL
50L
60LX
70LXX
80LXXX
90XC
100C
200CC
300CCC
400CD
500D
600DC
700DCC
800DCCC
900CM

Thousands

ArabicRoman
1,000M
2,000MM
3,000MMM
3,999MMMCMXCIX

Common Years

YearRoman
1776MDCCLXXVI
1900MCM
1999MCMXCIX
2000MM
2001MMI
2010MMX
2020MMXX
2024MMXXIV
2025MMXXV

Conversion Method

To convert an Arabic number to Roman numerals, repeatedly subtract the largest possible symbol value.

StepRemainderSymbol Added
2764 → subtract 10001764M
1764 → subtract 1000764M
764 → subtract 500264D
264 → subtract 100164C
164 → subtract 10064C
64 → subtract 5014L
14 → subtract 104X
4 → subtract 4 (IV)0IV
ResultMMDCCLXIV